Face masks, waste in tourist sites in Nayarit, Mexico
SPA_pdf (Español (España))
ENG_pdf

Keywords

Personal protective equipment (PPE)
COVID-19
Pandemic

Métricas de PLUMX 

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic brought with it the use of personal protective equipment; mainly face masks. The large number of face masks, used daily, and their inadequate final disposal have turned them into an environmental problem. The goal of this research is to determine the amount of face mask waste as environmental contaminant. By collecting such waste in five tourist sites (urban, beach, and a lake) in Nayarit, Mexico, during five months of the years 2021 and 2022. A greater presence of this type of waste was found during the year 2022. More adult mouth covers prevailed than infant mouth covers. Finally, urban areas showed a higher density of face masks than the rest of the analyzed areas. It is concluded that it is necessary to adequate measures to be implemented for the correct disposal of the waste generated with the pandemic.

https://doi.org/10.15741/revbio.10.e1509
SPA_pdf (Español (España))
ENG_pdf

References

Abedin, M. J., Khandaker, M. U., Uddin, M. R., Karim, M. R., Ahamad, M. S. U., Islam, M. A., Arif, A. M., Sulieman, A., & Idris A.M. (2022). PPE pollution in the terrestrial and aquatic environment of the Chittagong city area associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and concomitant health implications. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 27521-27533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17859-8

Abdullah, S., Mansor, A. A., Napi, N. N. L. M., Mansor, W. N. W., Ahmed, A. N., Ismail, M., & Ramly Z. T. A. (2020). Air quality status during 2020 Malaysia Movement Control Order (MCO) due to 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pandemic. Science of the Total Environment, 729, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139022Association of Cities and Regions for Sustainable Resource Management [ACR]. (2022).Municipal waste management and COVID-19. https://www.acrplus.org/en/municipal-waste-management-covid-19

Ammendolia, J., Saturno, J., Brooks, A. L., Jacobs, S., & Jambeck, J. R. (2021). An emerging source of plastic pollution: environmental presence of plastic personal protective equipment (PPE) debris related to COVID-19 in a metropolitan city. Environmental Pollution, 269, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116160

Akarsu, C., Madenli, Ö., & Ümmü, D. E. (2021). Characterization of littered face masks in the southeastern part of Turkey. Enviromental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 47517-47527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14099-8

Bowley, J., Baker-Austin, C., Porter, A., Hartnell, R., & Lewis, C. (2021). Oceanic hitchhikers - Assessing pathogen risks from marine microplastic. Trends in Microbiology, 29(2), 107-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2020.06.011

De-la-Torre, G. E., Rakib, R. J., Pizarro-Ortega, C. I., & Dioses-Salinas, D. C. (2021). Occurrence of personal protective equipment (PPE) associated with the COVID-19 pandemic along the coast of Lima, Peru. Science of The Total Environment, 774, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145774

Dharmaraj, S., Ashokkumar, V., Hariharan, S., Manibharathi, A., Show, P. L., Chong, C. T., & Ngamcharussrivichai, C. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic face mask waste: A blooming threat to the marine environment. Chemosphere, 272, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129601

Gómez, T. M. J., & Cilia-López, V. G. (2021). The massive Misuse of Face Mask as a Risk to COVID-19 Pandemic in Latin American: The Case of Mexico. Research Square. Preprint.https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-323037/v1Google Earth. (2022). Herramienta de cálculo de área de estudio. https://www.google.com/earth/

Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía [INEGI]. (2022). Aspectos geográficos. https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/app/areasgeograficas/resumen/resumen_18.pdfInstituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía [INEGI]. (2023). Resultados Censo Nayarit. https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/saladeprensa/boletines/2021/EstSociodemo/ResultCenso2020_Nay.pdf

Keswani A., Oliver, D. M., Gutierrez, T., & Quilliam, R.S. (2016). Microbial hitchhikers on marine plastic debris: Human exposure risks at bathing waters and beach environments. Marine Environmental Research, 118, 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.04.006

Lanchipa, A. T., Moreno, S. K., & Luque, Z. B. (2020). Perspectiva del COVID-19 sobre la contaminación del aire. Revista de la Sociedad Científica del Paraguay, 25(2), 155 – 182. https://dx.doi.org/10.32480/rscp.2020.25.2.155

Lessler, J., Grabowski, M. K., Grantz, K. H., Badillo-Goicoechea, E., Metcalf, C. J. E., Lupton-Smith, C., Azman, A. S., & Stuart, E. A. (2021). Household COVID-19 risk and in-person schooling. Science, 372(6546),1092-1097. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abh2939

Liang, Y., Song, Q., Wu, N. Shong, Y., & Zeng W. (2021). Repercussions of COVID-19 pandemic on solid waste generation and management strategies. Frontiers of Environmental Science Engenieering, 15, 115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1407-5

López-León, S., Ayuzo, C., Perelman, C., Sepulveda, R., Colunga-Pedraza, I. J., Cuapio, A., & Wegman-Ostrosky, T. (2020). Face masks in times of pandemics, a historical and scientific review and practical recommendations. In SciELO Preprints. https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.1551

Maldonado, G., Aldana, D., & Labrada, V. (2022). Basura plástica en tortugas del Caribe. Ciencia, 73(2), 22-27. https://www.revistaciencia.amc.edu.mx/images/revista/73_2/PDF/05_73_2_1430_BasuraPlastica.pdfNOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, Protección ambiental – Especies nativas de México de flora y fauna silvestres – Categorías de riesgo y especificaciones para su inclusión, exclusión o cambio – Lista de especies en riesgo.https://www.gob.mx/profepa/documentos/norma-oficial-mexicana-nom-059-semarnat-2010

Okuku E., Kiteresi L., Owato G., Otieno K., Mwalugha C., Mbuche M., Gwada B., Nelson A., Chepkemboi P., Achieng Q., Wanjeri V., Ndwiga J., Mulupi L., & Omire J. (2021). The impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on marine litter pollution along the Kenyan Coast: A synthesis after 100 days following the first reported case in Kenya. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 162, 111840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111840

Patricio, S. A. L, Patra, J. C., Mouneyrac, C., Barcelo, D., Duarte, A. C., & Rocha, S. T. (2021). Risks of Covid-19 face masks to wildlife: Present and future research needs. Science of the Total Enviroment, 792,148505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148505

Procuraduría Federal de Protección al Ambiente [PROFEPA]. (2022). Estrategia de la PROFEPA para proteger a las tortugas marinas. https://www.gob.mx/profepa/articulos/proteccion-de-las-tortugas-marinas-en-mexico?idiom=es

Ray, S. S., Lee, H. K., Huyen, D. T. T., Chen, S. S., & Kwon, Y. N. (2022). Microplastics waste in enviroment: A perspective on recycling issues from PPE kits and face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 26, 102290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2022.102290

Rojo-Nieto, E., & Montoto, T. (2017). Basuras marinas, plásticos y microplásticos: orígenes, impactos y consecuencias de una amenaza global. Ecologistas en acción, España. Sanchez, G. F. O. (2021). Retos post pandemia en la gestión de residuos sólidos. CienciAmérica,10 (1),1-13.https://doi.org/10.33210/ca.v10i1.354

Tarazona, A., & Ceballos, M. (2021). Un mundo en pausa forzada: relaciones del humano con otros animales para un bienestar global. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía, 74,13-16. https://bit.ly/3mVDeLE

World Health Organization [WHO]. (2023, February 6). Novedades de las directrices de la OMS sobre el uso de mascarillas, los tratamientos y la atención a los enfermos de COVID-19. https://www.who.int/es/news/item/13-01-2023-who-updates-covid-19-guidelines-on-masks--treatments-and-patient-careWorld Health Organization [WHO]. La escasez de equipos de protección personal pone en peligro al personal sanitario en todo el mundo. (2022). https://www.who.int/es/news-room/detail/03-03-2020-shortage-of-personal-protective-equipment-endangering-health-workers-worldwide

World Health Organization [WHO]. (2022). La COVID-19 niños y adolescentes. https://apps.3380who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/349927/WHO-2019-nCoV-Sci-Brief-Children-and-adolescents-2020.1-spa.pdf

World Wildlife Fund [WWF]. (2022). In the disposal of masks and gloves, responsibility is required. www.wwf.it/scuole/?53500%2FNello-smaltimento-di-mascherinee-guanti-serve-responsabilita

Licencia Creative Commons
Revista Bio Ciencias by Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License.
Based on work of http://biociencias.uan.edu.mx/.
Further permits not covered by this licence can be found at http://editorial.uan.edu.mx/index.php/BIOCIENCIAS.