Abstract
Farmers are more vulnerable to pesticide poisoning. La Ciénega, Jalisco, has high agricultural productivity and high pesticide use. However, there are no previous studies evaluating the health effects on farmers. This study aimed to describe the consequences of pesticide occupational exposure on the health of farmers in La Ciénega de Jalisco area. A total of 121 surveys were applied to farmers with chronic exposure (2019 to 2022) on pesticide use incidents. The survey consisted of 64 dichotomous qualitative-type items and was validated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, with a value of 0.6880. The most frequent symptoms were dizziness (66.7 % and 36.9 %) and headache (58.3 % and 48.8 %). The most frequent diseases were hypercholesterolemia (34.3 % and 26.7 %), hypertension (31.4 % and 36 %), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (22.9 % and 14.7 %). Glucose levels below 200 mg/dL were found in 92.08 % of the farmers. 63.89 % of the participants consumed food during pesticide application. Dizziness (p = 0.027) and burning skin (p = 0.003) were associated with gender, indicating that gender may be a condition related to pesticide poisoning symptoms.
References
Castro-Sánchez, M., & Galán-Briseño, L. M. (2020). Turismo alternativo en la región Ciénega del Estado de Jalisco. http://www.web.facpya.uanl.mx/vinculategica/Vinculategica6_2/27_Castro_Galan.pdf
Brunton L.L., Chabner B.A., & Knollmann B.C. (2019) Goodman & Gilman: Las Bases Farmacológicas De La Terapéutic, 13e. McGraw-Hill Education. https://accessmedicina.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2457§ionid=191984577
Ceja-Gálvez, H.R., Torres-Sánchez, E.D., Torres-Jasso, J.H., Reyes-Uribe, E., & Salazar-Flores, J. (2021). Relationship between PON-1 enzymatic activity and risk factors for pesticides poisoning in farmers from the Cienega, Jalisco, Mexico. Biocell, 45(5), 1241-1250. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/biocell.2021.015771
Comfort, N., & Re, D.B. (2017). Sex-Specific Neurotoxic Effects of Organophosphate Pesticides Across the Life Course. Current Environmental Health Reports, 4(4), 392-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-017-0171-y
Cronbach, L.J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297-334. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02310555
De la Fuente Muñiz, R. (2022). La salud mental en México. Salud Mental, 1(1), 4-13. http://revistasaludmental.mx/index.php/salud_mental/article/view/1/1
Díaz, E. G., Medina, D. R., Porras, Ó. M. M., & Mateos, J. L. C. (2019). Determinantes de la inercia en El tratamiento hipolipidemiante de pacientes Con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Endocrinología, Diabetes y Nutrición, 66(4), 223-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endinu.2018.08.014
Esquivel-Valenzuela, B., Cueto-Wong, J. A., Valdez-Cepeda, R. D., Pedroza-Sandoval, A., Trejo-Calzada, R., & Pérez-Veyna, Ó. (2019). Prácticas de manejo y análisis de riesgo por el uso de plaguicidas en La Comarca Lagunera, México. Revista internacional de contaminación ambiental, 35(1), 25-33. https://doi.org/10.20937/rica.2019.35.01.02
Foucault, A., Vallet, N., Ravalet, N., Picou, F., Bene, M. C., Gyan, E., & Herault, O. (2021). Occupational pesticide exposure increases risk of acute myeloid leukemia: a meta-analysis of case–control studies including 3,955 cases and 9,948 controls. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 2007. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81604-x
Ganie, S. Y., Javaid, D., Hajam, Y. A., & Reshi, M. S. (2022). Mechanisms and treatment strategies of organophosphate pesticide induced neurotoxicity in humans: A critical appraisal. Toxicology, 472, 153181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2022.153181
García-García, G., Gutiérrez-Padilla, A., Perez-Gomez, H. R., Chavez-Iñiguez, J. S., Morraz-Mejia, E. F., Amador-Jimenez, M. J., Romero-Muñoz, A. C., Gonzalez-De la Peña, M. M., Klarenbach, S., & Tonelli, M. (2020). Chronic kidney disease of unknown cause in Mexico: the case of Poncitlan, Jalisco. Clinical Nephrology, 93(Supplement 1), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.5414/cnp92s107
García-Hernández, J., Leyva-Morales, J.B., Bastidas-Bastidas, P.J., Leyva-García, G.N., Valdez-Torres, J.B., Aguilar-Zarate, G., & Betancourt-Lozano, M. (2021). A comparison of pesticide residues in soils from two highly technified agricultural valleys in northwestern Mexico. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 56(6), 548-565. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2021.1918977
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y GeografíaI [INEGI]. (2022, July 29). Estadisticas del día Mundial de la Diabetes. https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/saladeprensa/aproposito/2021/EAP_Diabetes2021
Jalisco es México, Región Ciénega. (2023, February 20) https://visitjalisco.com.mx/region/region-cienega/
Kreitz, J., Schönfeld, C., Seibert, M., Stolp, V., Alshamleh, I., Oellerich, T., Steffen, B., Schwalbe, H., Schnütgen, F, Kurrle, N., & Serve, H. (2019). Metabolic plasticity of acute myeloid leukemia. Cells, 8(8), 805. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8080805
Leonel Javeres, M.N., Habib, R., Judith Laure, N., Abbas Shah, S.T., Valis, M., Kuca, K., & Muhammad Nurulain, S. (2021). Chronic Exposure to Organophosphates Pesticides and Risk of Metabolic Disorder in Cohort from Pakistan and Cameroon. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(5), 2310. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052310
Lott, E.L., & Jones, E.B. (2022). Cholinergic Toxicity. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan–. PMID: 30969605. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539783/
Luo, K., Zhang, R., Aimuzi, R., Wang, Y., Nian, M., & Zhang, J. (2020). Exposure to organophosphate esters and metabolic syndrome in adults. Environment International, 143, 105941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105941
Lytrivi, M., Castell, A. L., Poitout, V., & Cnop, M. (2020). Recent insights into mechanisms of β-cell lipo-and glucolipotoxicity in type 2 diabetes. Journal of molecular biology, 432(5), 1514-1534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2019.09.016
Montaigne, D., Butruille, L., & Staels, B. (2021). PPAR control of metabolism and cardiovascular functions. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 18(12), 809-823. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-021-00569-6
Rafeeinia, A., Asadikaram, G., Karimi-Darabi, M., Abolhassani, M., Abbasi-Jorjandi, M., & Moazed, V. (2022). Organochlorine pesticides, oxidative stress biomarkers, and leukemia: a case-control study. Journal of Investigative Medicine, 70(8), 1736-1745. https://doi.org/10.1136/jim-2021-002289
Ramírez-Mora, E., Pérez-Vázquez, A., Landeros-Sánchez, C., Martínez-Dávila, J. P., Villanueva-Jiménez, J. A., & Lagunés Espinoza, L. C. (2019). Occupational exposure to pesticides in sugarcane agroecosystems in the central region of Veracruz state, Mexico. Revista Bio Ciencias 6, e495. https://doi.org/10.15741/revbio.06.e495
Rani, L., Thapa, K., Kanojia, N., Sharma, N., Singh, S., Grewal, A. S., Srivastav, A. L., & Kaushal, J. (2021). An extensive review on the consequences of chemical pesticides on human health and environment. Journal of cleaner production, 283, 124657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124657
Sabarwal, A., Kumar, K., & Singh, R.P. (2018). Hazardous effects of chemical pesticides on human health-Cancer and other associated disorders. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 63, 103-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2018.08.018
Salazar-Flores, J., Pacheco-Moisés, F.P., Ortiz, G.C., Torres-Jasso, J.H., Romero-Rentería, O., Briones-Torres, A.L., & Torres-Sánchez, E.D. (2020). Occupational exposure to organophosphorus and carbamates in farmers in La Cienega, Jalisco, Mexico: oxidative stress and membrane fluidity markers. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 15, 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-020-00283-y
Samarghandian, S., Foadoddin, M., Zardast, M., Mehrpour, O., Sadighara, P., Roshanravan, B., & Farkhondeh, T. (2020). The impact of age-related sub-chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos on metabolic indexes in male rats. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(18), 22390-22399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08814-0
Sapbamrer, R., & Thammachai, A. (2020). Factors affecting use of personal protective equipment and pesticide safety practices: A systematic review. Environmental research, 185, 109444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109444
Secretaría de Salud Jalisco. (2023, February 12). Boletín epidemiológico 2012 a 2017. https://ssj.jalisco.gob.mx/salud-publica/estadisticas-e-indicadores/boletin-epidemiologico-2021
Secretaría de Salud. (2023, January 2). Anuario de morbilidad 1984-2021. Consultado en https://epidemiologia.salud.gob.mx/anuario/html/
Seok, J. W., Park, J. Y., Park, H. K., & Lee, H. (2022). Endrin potentiates early-stage adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells by activating the mammalian target of rapamycin. Life sciences, 288, 120151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120151
Silva-Madera, R.J., Salazar-Flores, J., Peregrina-Lucano, A.A., Mendoza-Michel, J., Ceja-Gálvez, H.R., Rojas-Bravo, D, & Torres-Sánchez, E.D. (2021). Pesticide contamination in drinking and surface water in the Cienega, Jalisco, Mexico. Water, Air, Soil Pollution, 232(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-04990-y
Stalin, P., Purty, A.J., & Abraham, G. (2020). Distribution and Determinants of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology: A Brief Overview. Indian Journal of Nephrology, 30(4), 241-244. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijn.ijn_313_18
UNAM. (2022, July 29). Neurosis. https://www.fundacionunam.org.mx/unam-al-dia/la-neurosis-un-padecimiento-que-afecta-a-15-millones-de-mexicanos/
Utembe, W., & Kamng’ona, A. W. (2021). Gut microbiota-mediated pesticide toxicity in humans: Methodological issues and challenges in the risk assessment of pesticides. Chemosphere, 271, 129817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129817
Valbuena, D. S., Meléndez-Flórez, M. P., Villegas, V. E., Sánchez, M. C., & Rondón-Lagos, M. (2020). Daño celular y genético como determinantes de la toxicidad de los plaguicidas. Ciencia en Desarrollo, 11(2), 25-42. https://doi.org/10.19053/01217488.v11.n2.2020.11245
van Melis, L. V., Heusinkveld, H. J., Langendoen, C., Peters, A., & Westerink, R. H. (2023). Organophosphate insecticides disturb neuronal network development and function via non-AChE mediated mechanisms. Neurotoxicology, 94, 35-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2022.11.002
Vintimilla, R., Reyes, M., Johnson, L., Hall, J., & Bryant, S. (2020). Cardiovascular risk factors in Mexico and the United States: a comparative cross-sectional study between the HABLE and MHAS participants. Gaceta Médica de México, 156(1), 17-21. https://doi.org/10.24875/gmm.19005350
Wan, E. T., Darssan, D., Karatela, S., Reid, S. A., & Osborne, N. J. (2021). Association of pesticides and kidney function among adults in the US population 2001–2010. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), 10249. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910249
Yarpuz-Bozdogan, N. (2018). The importance of personal protective equipment in pesticide applications in agriculture. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 4, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2018.02.001
Revista Bio Ciencias by Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License.
Based on work of http://biociencias.uan.edu.mx/.
Further permits not covered by this licence can be found at http://editorial.uan.edu.mx/index.php/BIOCIENCIAS.