Abstract
The objective of this work was to obtain enzymatic extracts from green, dried and frozen neem seeds and to evaluate the coleoptericidal effect on Aethina tumida in the larval stage. In the first phase, the effect of freezing (–20 °C) and dehydration (50 °C) of the green seed on the release of azadirachtin A was evaluated. Subsequently, the enzymatic extraction was carried out using the Crystalzyme® PML-MX preparation, followed by an 80% alcohol extraction (v v-1). The alcoholic extract was rotoevaporated and its coleoptericidal activity on Aethina tumida larvae and adults was evaluated using the Burgerjon Tower with concentrations of 0, 0.05, 0.5, 50 and 500 ppm of azadirachtin A. The results indicated that there is no statistically significant difference in the concentration of azadirachtin A when dehydrating or freezing the neem seeds, likewise, the extracts with 500 pmm of azadirachtin A promoted 100 % mortality of larvae at 48 h, the LC50 and LC90 calculated were 0.58 and 77.67 ppm respectively. According to these results, it is concluded that the enzymatic extracts of neem seeds is a viable alternative for the biological control of Aethina tumida in the larval stage.
References
Aguilar-Acosta, A., Flores-Primo, A., Martínez-Herrera, D. I., Pardío-Sedas, V. T., López-Hernández, K. M., Rodríguez-Dehaibes, S. R., & Chávez-Hernández, E. (2020). Extraction and stability of azadirachtin A in neem (Azadirachta indica) extracts obtained with enzymes and solvents. Agrociencia, 54(1), 89-100. https://agrociencia-colpos.org/index.php/agrociencia/article/view/1884/1881
Bezzar-Bendjazia, R., Kilani-Morakchi, S., Maroua, F., & Aribi, N. (2017). Azadirachtin induces larval avoidance and antifeeding by disruption of food intake and digestive enzymes in Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 143, 135–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.08.006
Borges, L. M. F., Ferri, P. H., Silva, W. C., Silva, W. J., Melo, L. S., Souza, L. A. D., Soares, S. F., Faria, K. A., Gomes, N. A., Mori, A., & Silva, N. F. (2005). Ação do extrato hexânico de frutos maduros de Melia azedarach (Meliaceae) sobre Boophilus microplus (Acari: ixodidae) em bezerros infestados artificialmente. Revista de Patologia Tropical/ Journal of Tropical Pathology, 34(1), 53-59. https://doi.org/10.5216/rpt.v34i1.2137
Denardi, S. E., Bechara, G. B., Oliveira, P. R., & Camargo, M. I. (2011). Inhibitory action of neem aqueous extract (Azadiractha indica A. Juss) on the vitellogenesis of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks. Microscopy Research & Technique, 74(10), 889-899. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.20973
Ellis, J. D., Hepburn, R., Delaplane, K. S., Neumann, P., & Elzen, P. (2003). The effects of adult small hive beetles, Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), on nests and flight activity of Cape and European honey bees (Apis mellifera). Apidologie, 34(4), 399-408. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2003038
Eveleigh, D. E., Mandels, M., Andreotti, R., & Roche, C. (2009). Measurement of saccharifying cellulose. Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts, 2, 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-2-21
Feng, R., & Isman, M. B. (1995). Selection for resistance to azadirachtin in the green peach aphid Myzus persicae. Experientia, 51, 831–833. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01922438
Ghazawi, N. A., El-Shranoubi, E. D., El-Shazly, M. M., & Abdel, K. M. (2007). Effects of azadirachtin on mortality rate and reproductive system of the grasshopper Heteracris littoralis Ramb (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 16(1), 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1665/1082-6467(2007)16[57:EOAOMR]2.0.CO;2
Giglioti, R., Formin, M. R., Oliveira, H. N., Chagas, A. C. S., Ferrezini, J., Brito, L. G., Falcoski, T. O. R. S., Albuquerque, L. G., & Oliveira, M. C. S. (2011). In vitro acaricidal activity of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed extracts with known azadirachtin concentrations against Rhipicephalus microplus. Veterinary Parasitology, 181(2-4), 309-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.03.053
González-Gómez, R., Otero-Colina, G., Villanueva-Jiménez, J. A., Pérez-Amaro, J. A., & Soto-Hernández, R. M. (2006). Toxicidad y repelencia de Azadirachta indica contra Varroa destructor (acari: varroidae). Agrociencia, 40(6), 741-751. http://valoragregado.org/ojsagrociencia/index.php/agrociencia/article/view/505/505
Izadi, H., Sarnevesht, M., Sadeghi, R., Mahdian, K., & Jalai, M. A. (2012). Toxic effects of pyriproxyfen, neemarin, acetamiprid and Ferula assafoetida essential oil on the common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 45(18), 2236–2242. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2012.724973
Kaushik, N. (2002). Determination of azadirachtin and fatty acid methyl esters of Azadirachta indica seeds by HPLC and GLC. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 374(7-8), 1199-1204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-002-1638-7
Ley, S. V., Denholm, A. A., & Wood, A. (1993). The chemistry of azadirachtin. Natural Product Reports, 10(2), 109–157. https://doi.org/10.1039/NP9931000109
Mordue, A. J., Morgan, E. D., & Nisbet, A. J. (2010). Azadirachtin, a natural product in insect control, in Insect Control: Biological and synthetic agents, eds L. I. Gilbert and S. S. Gill. Elsevier, Academic. 185–203. https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=nd2euFHjQyQC
Mordue, A. J., & Blackwell, A. (1993). Azadirachtin: an update. Journal of Insect Physiology, 39(11), 903–924. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(93)90001-8
Pardío, V. T., Flores, A., López, K. M., Martínez, D. I., Márquez, O., & Waliszewski, K. N. (2018). Effect of endogenous and exogenous enzymatic treatment of green vanilla beans on extraction of vanillin and main aromatic compounds. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 55(6): 2059-2067. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-018-3120-3
Rodríguez, S. R., Otero, G., Pardío, V., & Villanueva, J. A. (2005). Resistance to amitraz and flumethrin in Varroa destructor populations from Veracruz, Mexico. Journal of Apicultural Research, 44(3): 124-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2005.11101162
Statistical Analysis System on Demand for Academics. Statistics Software [SAS]. (2022). SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA. https://www.sas.com/en_us/software/on-demand-for-academics.html
Soni, H., Mishra, K., Sharma, S., & Singhai, A. K. (2012). Characterization of azadirachtin from ethanolic extract of leaves of Azadirachta indica. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 5(1): 199-201. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:92127107
Revista Bio Ciencias by Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License.
Based on work of http://biociencias.uan.edu.mx/.
Further permits not covered by this licence can be found at http://editorial.uan.edu.mx/index.php/BIOCIENCIAS.