Abstract
Micronuclei can be present in all cells that undergo cell division, these are small fragments of nuclear DNA mistakenly located in the cytoplasm, with great pleiotropic effects. They are bioindicators of genotoxicity and promoters of inflammation, senescence, apoptosis, instability, and genetic chaos. Micronuclear DNA has the potential to undergo massive reorganization and repair problems, its membrane is easily broken and releases its DNA content to the cytoplasm, this chronically stimulates the innate immune system. The micronucleus can have different destinies such as being eliminated, remaining in the cytoplasm, or already reorganized, being incorporated back into the nucleus and generating instability and genomic chaos, by introducing in an event numerous mutation; and so, this cell quickly becomes malignant. Specifically, micronucleate oral epithelial cells are an early "internal sensor" of susceptibility to genomic instability, and if 90% of all cancers are epithelial, then oral mucosa offers a unique opportunity to motorize at-risk individuals; even allows other genotoxicity and cytotoxicity biomarkers to be evaluated. Therefore, the objective of this review is to highlight causes and consequences of micronuclei, and their applicability in oral mucosa in the timely detection of individuals susceptible to genomic instability.
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