Resumen
Los micronúcleos pueden estar en todas las células que sufran división celular, estos son pequeños fragmentos de DNA nuclear ubicados erróneamente en el citoplasma, con grandes efectos pleiotrópicos. Son bioindicadores de genotoxicidad y promotores de inflamación, senescencia, apoptosis, inestabilidad y caos genético. El DNA micronuclear tiene el potencial de sufrir reorganización masiva y problemas de reparación, su membrana se rompe con facilidad y libera al citoplasma su contenido de DNA, esto estimula crónicamente al sistema inmunitario innato. El micronúcleo puede tener diferentes destinos como ser eliminado, permanecer en el citoplasma o ya reorganizado, incorporarse nuevamente al núcleo y generar inestabilidad y caos genómico, por introducir en un evento numerosas mutaciones; y así esta célula rápidamente se maligniza. Específicamente, las células micronucleadas del epitelio oral son un “sensor interno” temprano de susceptibilidad a la inestabilidad genómica, y si el 90% de todos los cánceres son epiteliales, entonces la mucosa oral ofrece una oportunidad única para monitorear a individuos en riesgo; incluso permite evaluar otros biomarcadores de genotoxicidad y citotoxicidad. Por ello, el objetivo de esta revisión es destacar causas y consecuencias de los micronúcleos, y su aplicabilidad en mucosa oral en la detección oportuna de individuos susceptibles a la inestabilidad genómica.
Citas
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