Palabras clave
factores de riesgo
tasa de filtración glomerular
estrategias terapéuticas
Cómo citar
Métricas de PLUMX
Resumen
La enfermedad renal crónica (CKD) es una afección progresiva que representa un desafío significativo para la salud pública, particularmente en el contexto de una sociedad en proceso de envejecimiento. Aunque se desconoce la prevalencia exacta de esta enfermedad, se calcula que afecta al menos a 800 millones de personas en todo el mundo. Los pacientes con diabetes o hipertensión tienen mayor riesgo de desarrollar daño renal crónico. A razón de que los riñones desempeñan un papel crucial en procesos fisiológicos vitales, al dañarse se puede alterar el equilibrio de agua y electrolitos, la regulación de la presión arterial y la eliminación de toxinas. El diagnóstico precoz es primordial para prevenir posibles complicaciones. Las opciones de tratamiento, como las modificaciones de la dieta y los medicamentos, pueden ayudar a ralentizar la progresión de la enfermedad. En la presente revisión, hemos destacado las opciones terapéuticas disponibles para disminuir la progresión de la CKD, debido a que en los últimos años se dispone de nuevos tratamientos farmacológicos, que ofrecen la posibilidad de mejora en la calidad de vida. Con el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías y los avances en los conocimientos médicos, podrán surgir herramientas de diagnóstico y tratamientos más eficaces para los pacientes con CKD.
Citas
Anderson, C. A. M., & Nguyen, H. A. (2018). Nutrition education in the care of patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Seminars in dialysis, 31(2), 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/sdi.12681
Arce-Moguel, F. E., García Chong, N. R., & Salvatierra Izaba, B. E. (Coords.). (2022). Los desafíos de la enfermedad renal crónica en México (2000–2018). El Colegio de la Frontera Sur. https://ecosur.repositorioinstitucional.mx/jspui/bitstream/1017/2483/3/63246_Documento.pdf
Ayala-García, M. A., Flores-Vargas, G., & Ornelas-Guerrero, G. A. (2024). Revisión y análisis de los resultados de los programas de trasplante renal en México. Cirugía y cirujanos, 92(1), 96–103. https://doi.org/10.24875/ciru.23000147
Bailey, C. J., Day, C., & Bellary, S. (2022). Renal Protection with SGLT2 Inhibitors: Effects in Acute and Chronic Kidney Disease. Current diabetes reports, 22(1), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-021-01442-
Bargman, J. M., & Skorecki, K. L. (2018). Chronic kidney disease. In J. L. Jameson, A. S. Fauci, D. L. Kasper, S. L. Hauser, D. L. Longo, & J. Loscalzo (Eds.), Harrison’s principles of internal medicine (20th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?sectionid=186950702&bookid=2129
Barrera-Chimal, J., Jaisser, F., & Anders, H. J. (2022). The mineralocorticoid receptor in chronic kidney disease. British journal of pharmacology, 179(13), 3152–3164. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.15734
Bignardi, P. R., Pinto, G. R., Boscarioli, M. L. N., Lima, R. A. A., & Delfino, V. D. A. (2022). Acute kidney injury associated with dengue virus infection: a review. Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia, 44(2), 232–237. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2021-022
Borrelli, S., Provenzano, M., Gagliardi, I., Michael, A., Liberti, M. E., De Nicola, L., Conte, G., Garofalo, C., & Andreucci, M. (2020). Sodium Intake and Chronic Kidney Disease. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(13), 4744. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134744
Cerneckis, J., Cai, H., & Shi, Y. (2024). Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs): Molecular mechanisms of induction and applications. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 9(112), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-024-01809-0
Chen, T. K., Knicely, D. H., & Grams, M. E. (2019). Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis and Management: A Review. JAMA, 322(13), 1294–1304. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.14745
Comisión Nacional contra las Adicciones (CONADIC). (2020, 29 de mayo). Intoxicación por bebidas alcohólicas adulteradas en México. Gobierno de México. https://www.gob.mx/salud/conadic/documentos/intoxicacion-por-bebidas-alcoholicas-adulteradas-en-mexico
Dąbek, B., Dybiec, J., Frąk, W., Fularski, P., Lisińska, W., Radzioch, E., Młynarska, E., Rysz, J., & Franczyk, B. (2023). Novel Therapeutic Approaches in the Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Biomedicines, 11(10), 2746. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11102746
DeFronzo, R. A., & Bakris, G. L. (2022). Modifying chronic kidney disease progression with the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 24(7), 1197–1205. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14696
Delrue, C., Eisenga, M. F., Delanghe, J. R., & Speeckaert, M. M. (2024). Personalized antifibrotic therapy in CKD progression. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 14(12), 1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14121141
Doccioli, C., Sera, F., Francavilla, A., Cupisti, A., & Biggeri, A. (2024). Association of cadmium environmental exposure with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Science of The Total Environment, 906, 167165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167165
Ferguson, T. W., Komenda, P., & Tangri, N. (2016). Change in estimated glomerular filtration rate and outcomes in chronic kidney disease. Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension, 25(3), 240–244. https://doi.org/10.1097/MNH.0000000000000210
Flythe, J. E., & Watnick, S. (2024). Dialysis for Chronic Kidney Failure: A Review. JAMA, 332(18), 1559–1573. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.16338
Francis, A., Harhay, M. N., Ong, A. C. M., Tummalapalli, S. L., Ortiz, A., Fogo, A. B., Fliser, D., Roy-Chaudhury, P., Fontana, M., Nangaku, M., Wanner, C., Malik, C., Hradsky, A., Adu, D., Bavanandan, S., Cusumano, A., Sola, L., Ulasi, I., Jha, V., … International Society of Nephrology. (2024). Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: An international consensus. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 20(7), 473–485. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-024-00820-6
García Sánchez, J. J., Thompson, J., Scott, D. A., Evans, R., Rao, N., Sörstadius, E., James, G., Nolan, S., Wittbrodt, E. T., Abdul Sultan, A., Stefansson, B. V., & Abrams, K. R. (2022). Treatments for chronic kidney disease: A systematic literature review of randomized controlled trials. Advances in Therapy, 39(1), 193–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-021-02006-z
García-Maset, R., Bover, J., Segura de la Morena, J., Goicoechea Diezhandino, M., Cebollada del Hoyo, J., Escalada San Martín, J., Fácila Rubio, L., Gamarra Ortiz, J., García-Donaire, J. A., García-Matarín, L., Gràcia Garcia, S., Gutiérrez Pérez, M. I., Hernández Moreno, J., Mazón Ramos, P., Montañés Bermudez, R., Muñoz Torres, M., de Pablos-Velasco, P., Pérez-Maraver, M., Suárez Fernández, C., … Górriz, J. L. (2022). Documento de información y consenso para la detección y manejo de la enfermedad renal crónica. Nefrología, 42(3), 233–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefro.2021.07.010
GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration (GBD CKD Collaboration). (2020). Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet, 395(10225), 709–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30045-3
Georgianos, P. I., & Agarwal, R. (2023). Hypertension in chronic kidney disease—treatment standard 2023. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 38(12), 2694–2703. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfad118
Gifford, F. J., Gifford, R. M., Eddleston, M., & Dhaun, N. (2017). Endemic nephropathy around the world. Kidney International Reports, 2, 282–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2016.11.003
Gupta, A., Nagaraju, S. P., Bhojaraja, M. V., Swaminathan, S. M., & Mohan, P. B. (2023). Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease: An Update on Diagnosis and Management. Southern medical journal, 116(2), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.14423/SMJ.0000000000001516
Han, K. H., Kim, B., Ji, S. C., Kang, H. G., Cheong, H. I., Cho, J. Y., & Ha, I. S. (2020). Mechanism of chronic kidney disease progression and novel biomarkers: A metabolomic analysis of experimental glomerulonephritis. Metabolites, 10(4), 169. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10040169
Hansrivijit, P., Oli, S., Khanal, R., Ghahramani, N., Thongprayoon, C., & Cheungpasitporn, W. (2020). Mediterranean diet and the risk of chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nephrology, 25(12), 913–918. https://doi.org/10.1111/nep.13778
Huang, R., Fu, P., & Ma, L. (2023). Kidney fibrosis: from mechanisms to therapeutic medicines. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 8(1), 129. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-023-01379-7
Humphreys, B. D. (2018). Mechanisms of Renal Fibrosis. Annual review of physiology, 80, 309–326. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034227
Ikizler, T. A., Burrowes, J. D., Byham-Gray, L. D., Campbell, K. L., Carrero, J. J., Chan, W., Fouque, D., Friedman, A. N., Ghaddar, S., Goldstein-Fuchs, D. J., Kaysen, G. A., Kopple, J. D., Teta, D., Wang, A. Y.-M., & Cuppari, L. (2020). KDOQI clinical practice guideline for nutrition in CKD: 2020 update. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 76(3 Suppl. 1), S1–S107. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.05.006
Inker, L. A., & Titan, S. (2021). Measurement and estimation of GFR for use in clinical practice: Core curriculum 2021. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 78(5), 736–749. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.04.016
Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS). (2014). Tratamiento sustitutivo de la función renal: Diálisis y hemodiálisis en la insuficiencia renal crónica en el segundo y tercer nivel de atención (Catálogo Maestro de Guías de Práctica Clínica: IMSS-727-14). Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. http://www.imss.gob.mx/profesionales/guiasclinicas/Pages/guias.aspx
Janssen, F., Bardoutsos, A., & Vidra, N. (2020). Obesity prevalence in the long-term future in 18 European countries and in the USA. Obesity Facts, 13(5), 514–527. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511023
Jojoa, J. A., Bravo, C., & Vallejo, C. (2016). Clasificación práctica de la enfermedad renal crónica 2016: Una propuesta. Repertorio de Medicina y Cirugía, 25(3), 192–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reper.2016.10.003
Keskinyan, V. S., Lattanza, B., & Reid-Adam, J. (2023). Glomerulonephritis. Pediatrics in review, 44(9), 498–512. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2021-005259
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. (2024). KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney International, 105(4 Suppl.), S117–S314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2023.10.018
Kim, S. M., & Jung, J. Y. (2020). Nutritional management in patients with chronic kidney disease. The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine, 35(6), 1279–1290. https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2020.408
Klinkhammer, B. M., Goldschmeding, R., Floege, J., & Boor, P. (2017). Treatment of renal fibrosis: turning challenges into opportunities. Advances in chronic kidney disease, 24(2), 117–129. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ackd.2016.11.002
Levey, A. S., Coresh, J., Tighiouart, H., Greene, T., & Inker, L. A. (2020). Measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate: Current status and future directions. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 16(1), 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-019-0191-y
Li, J., An, C., Kang, L., Mitch, W. E., & Wang, Y. (2017). Recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging assessment of renal fibrosis. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease, 24(3), 150–153. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ackd.2017.03.005
Lightfoot, C. J., Wilkinson, T. J., & Smith, A. C. (2023). Non-pharmacological management of chronic kidney disease. Medicine, 51(3), 170–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2022.12.004
Lo, R., Narasaki, Y., Lei, S., & Rhee, C. M. (2023). Management of traditional risk factors for the development and progression of chronic kidney disease. Clinical Kidney Journal, 16(11), 1737–1750. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfad101
Lv, J. C., & Zhang, L. X. (2019). Prevalence and disease burden of chronic kidney disease. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1165, 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8871-2_1
Mallappallil, M., Friedman, E. A., Delano, B. G., McFarlane, S. I., & Salifu, M. O. (2014). Chronic kidney disease in the elderly: Evaluation and management. Clinical Practice, 11(5), 525–535. https://doi.org/10.2217/cpr.14.46
Voora, S., Adey, D. B., Alloway, R. R., Bodziak, K., Kaplan, B., Wiseman, A. C., & Brennan, D. C. (2019). Management of kidney transplant recipients by general nephrologists: Core curriculum 2019. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 73(6), 866–879. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.10.005
Mende, C. W. (2022). Chronic kidney disease and SGLT2 inhibitors: A review of the evolving treatment landscape. Advances in Therapy, 39(1), 148–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-021-01994-2
Meza Navarrete, J. F., Montiel Tomala, M. A., & Peralta Alvear, B. H. (2023). Enfermedad renal crónica de causas no tradicionales. Política y Consenso, 8(12), 1426–1436. https://doi.org/10.23857/pc.v8i12.6353
Mukoyama, M., & Kuwabara, T. (2022). Role of renin-angiotensin system blockade in advanced CKD: To use or not to use? Hypertension Research, 45(6), 1072–1075. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-022-00902-7
Nordheim, E., & Jenssen, T. G. (2021). Chronic kidney disease in patients with diabetes mellitus. Endocrine Connections, 10(5), R151–R159. https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-21-0097
Orbe Orihuela, Y. C., Bautista-Bautista, C. E., Campos-Flores, J. R., & Hernández-Mariano, J. Á. (2023). Influencia del deterioro del medio ambiente sobre la salud renal: Una revisión narrativa. XIKUA Boletín Científico de la Escuela Superior de Tlahuelilpan, 11(22), 12–17. https://doi.org/10.29057/xikua.v11i22.10566
Ortiz, A., del Arco Galán, C., Fernández-García, J. C., Gómez Cerezo, J., Ibán Ochoa, R., Núñez, J., Pita Gutiérrez, F., & Navarro-González, J. F. (2023). Documento de consenso sobre el abordaje de la hiperpotasemia. Nefrología, 43(6), 765–782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefroe.2023.12.002
Panizo, S., Martínez-Arias, L., Alonso-Montes, C., Cannata, P., Martín-Carro, B., Fernández-Martín, J. L., & Cannata-Andía, J. B. (2021). Fibrosis in chronic kidney disease: Pathogenesis and consequences. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(1), Article 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010408
Pereira-Rodríguez, J., Boada-Morales, L., Peñaranda-Flórez, D. G., & Torrado-Navarro, Y. (2017). Diálisis y hemodiálisis: Una revisión actual según la evidencia. Revista Nefrología Argentina, 15(1).
Perlman, R. L., & Heung, M. (2022). Renal disease. En G. D. Hammer & S. J. McPhee (Eds.), Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com
Portolés, J., Martín-Malo, A., Martín-Rodríguez, L., Fernández-Fresnedo, G., de Sequera, P., Sánchez, J. E., Ortiz-Arduán, A., & Cases, A. (2023). Aspectos no resueltos en el manejo de la anemia renal: Un consenso Delphi del Grupo de Anemia de la S.E.N. Nefrología, 43(5), 517–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefro.2022.11.009
Provenzano, M., Serra, R., Michael, A., Bolignano, D., Coppolino, G., Ielapi, N., Serraino, G. F., Mastroroberto, P., Locatelli, F., De Nicola, L., & Andreucci, M. (2021). Smoking habit as a risk amplifier in chronic kidney disease patients. Scientific reports, 11(1), 14778. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94270-w
Qiu, Z.-Z., He, J.-M., Zhang, H.-X., Yu, Z.-H., Zhang, Z.-W., & Zhou, H. (2019). Renoprotective effects of pirfenidone on chronic renal allograft dysfunction by reducing renal interstitial fibrosis in a rat model. Life Sciences, 233, Article 116666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116666
Raman, M., Middleton, R. J., Kalra, P. A., & Green, D. (2017). Estimating renal function in old people: an in-depth review. International Urology and Nephrology, 49(11), 1979–1988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-017-1682-z
Ramos Vázquez, J., & Sánchez Orta, Y. (2019). Salud, enfermedad renal y pobreza: Un reto actual. Revista de Ciencias Médicas de Pinar del Río, 23(4), 587–598. http://www.revcmpr.sld.cu/index.php/publicaciones/article/view/3862
Romagnani, P., Remuzzi, G., Glassock, R., Levin, A., Jager, K. J., Tonelli, M., Massy, Z., Wanner, C., & Anders, H.-J. (2017). Chronic kidney disease. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 3, Article 17088. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.88
Santos, B. P., Viegas, A. D., Feijó, A. M., Lise, F., & Schwartz, E. (2016). It was/wasn’t everything I had imagined: Advantages and disadvantages after kidney transplantation. Revista Gaúcha de Enfermagem, 37(3), e60135. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2016.03.60135
Saran, R., Robinson, B., Abbott, K. C., Agodoa, L. Y. C., Albertus, P., Ayanian, J., … Shahinian, V. (2017). US Renal Data System 2016 annual data report: Epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 69(3 Suppl. 1), A7–A8. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.12.004
Shah, P. B., Soundararajan, P., Sathiyasekaran, B. W. C., & Hegde, S. C. (2017). Diuretics for people with chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017(10), CD011339. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011339.pub2
Singh, M., & Kumar, A. (2018). Risks associated with SGLT2 inhibitors: An overview. Current Drug Safety, 13(2), 84–91. https://doi.org/10.2174/1574886313666180226103408
Sosa-Medellín, M. Á., & Luviano-García, J. A. (2018). Terapia de reemplazo renal continua: Conceptos, indicaciones y aspectos básicos de su programación. Medicina Interna de México, 34(2), 288–298. https://doi.org/10.24245/mim.v34i2.1652
Swaminathan, M., Stafford-Smith, M., Chertow, G. M., Warnock, D. G., Paragamian, V., Brenner, R. M., Lellouche, F., Fox-Robichaud, A., Atta, M. G., Melby, S., & Rabb, H. (2018). Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of AKI after cardiac surgery. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 29(1), 260–267. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2016101150
Thompson, L. E., & Joy, M. S. (2022). Endogenous markers of kidney function and renal drug clearance processes of filtration, secretion, and reabsorption. Current Opinion in Toxicology, 31, Article 100344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cotox.2022.03.005
Tyra, P. M. (2021). Collagen expression in renal fibrosis [Doctoral dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen]. RWTH Aachen University Publications Repository. https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/820077/files/820077.pdf
Vivante, A., & Hildebrandt, F. (2016). Exploring the genetic basis of early-onset chronic kidney disease. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 12(3), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2015.205
Wagner, S., Merkling, T., Metzger, M., Bankir, L., Laville, M., Frimat, L., Combe, C., Jacquelinet, C., Fouque, D., Massy, Z. A., Stengel, B., & CKD-REIN Study Group. (2022). Water intake and progression of chronic kidney disease: The CKD-REIN cohort study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 37(4), 730–739. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfab036
Zhao, M., Wang, L., Wang, M., Zhou, S., Lu, Y., Cui, H., Racanelli, A. C., Zhang, L., Ye, T., Ding, B., Zhang, B., Yang, J., & Yao, Y. (2022). Targeting fibrosis: Mechanisms and clinical trials. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 7(1), 206. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-01070-3
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2026 Revista Bio Ciencias